Kristin Skaggs
Contents
Wiki Entry #1: Punched Cards
Used by some of the first people involved in computing, punched cards are a significant part of the history of computers. While the details (size, shape, material) can be variable, the basic function of punched cards is always the same—to provide the computer with input or instructions. They worked using series of holes punched in a specific pattern to tell a machine what to do. Punched cards were sort of primitive, yes, but they were the best method of input available at the time and they got the job done.
Jacquard’s First Punched Cards
Joseph Marie Jacquard made the very first fully functional punched cards in the early 1800s (Jones). They were to be used with looms, in order to produce the pattern in a rug, for example, without having to be guided by a human hand. This was an important development because, up until then, there was a lot of room for human error, and it was also just extremely complicated. The cards made working with looms much easier.
Charles Babbage
Babbage’s Analytical Engine and Difference Engine were both meant to use punched cards. Known to many as the father of computing, Babbage never completed either of these engines, but the fact remains that he planned to use punched cards all along. According to an article by Douglas W. Jones on WhatIs.com, this was important because “Babbage’s proposed use of cards played a crucial role in later years, providing a precedent that prevented Hollerith’s company from claiming patent rights on the very idea of storing data on punched cards.”
Herman Hollerith
Herman Hollerith borrowed the punched card idea for his tabulating machine, which was used to help with the 1890 census. With the census, operators would transfer answers to a punched card and feed the card into the machine. This was a huge step from the 1880 census, which took more than seven years to count. This basically meant that by the time the counting was done, it was time to gear up for the next census. Using Hollerith’s creation, the census only took three years to complete, which was a huge improvement over the previous one (Watrall).
Hollerith’s standard punched card
Hollerith is widely credited with the creation of the standard punched card. Before Hollerith’s version, cards had been all shapes, sizes, and types. Hollerith’s cards, and many cards since, were “73/8 inches wide by 3 1/4 inches high by .007 inches thick” (Jones) which was the size of paper money in the United States at the time. The development of a standardized punched card was significant because it allowed for mass production of the card for different machines. Hollerith also began leasing his machines and selling the companies punched cards to go with them (Watrall). Cards for modern computers
Hollerith’s company was renamed IBM in 1924 (IBM). The company is still around today and they have their own standard punched card. Though punched cards aren’t used as widely today, they were still around in some areas at the turn of the century, when an estimated “1/3 of the polling places in the United States still used punched card ballots” (Jones).
Punched cards are very important to the history of computing. They were used with almost all of the early machines and were very integral to the early development of computers. Information has to be input somehow, and the punched card is basically the first solution that worked.
Works Cited
"IBM Archives: Interactive history." IBM - United States. Web. 28 May 2010. <http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/interactive/index.html#/Early Ambitions/ibmIsNamed>.
Jones, Douglas W. "History of the punch card." WhatIs.com - The Tech Dictionary and IT Encyclopedia. Web. 24 May 2010. <http://whatis.techtarget.com/tutorial/history-of-the-punch-card.html>.
Watrall, Ethan. "Week 1: In the Beginning." HST 250: History of the Digital Age. Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI. May 2010. Class lecture.
Wiki Entry #2: Adventureland
Adventureland was released in 1978 for the TRS-80. It is known as the first commercial text adventure game for the PC (Watrall), and thus the precursor to PC games in general.
Self-taught programmer Scott Adams (born in 1957) created the game. It was the first game he ever created. Zork, another text adventure of the time, inspired him. Adams learned about computers when his Florida high school received a computer from the state. In an interview with gamesetwatch.com, he said, “When I found out about it I purchased a programming manual from the University of Miami and proceeded o start teaching myself to program.” After coming up with his idea for the PC text adventure, Adams founded Adventure International in order to sell his game. Adventure International went on to produce 18 games, including “14 in the Scott Adams Adventure series and four in the licensed series” (GameSetWatch). Though his company went bankrupt in 1985, Adams is well known throughout the computing world and works as a computer programmer to this day.
Adventureland was released on a number of platforms, including TRS-80, Dragon 32/64, Atari 8-bit, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Apple II, TI-99/4A and VIC-20 (Adventureland). Adams started out making the games by hand for the TRS-80. He said his first sale was “from a fellow by the name of Manual Garcia who was the manager of a Radio Shack in the Chicago area” (GameSetWatch). Because Adams was new at the gaming business—and any business at all, for that matter—he says he had to learn as he went. For example, Garcia “had to explain wholesale pricing to [him]” (GameSetWatch). Adventureland was also sold in computer magazines (Watrall). The great thing about Adventureland was that it was the first opportunity to see if there was a market for text-based adventure games. The game went on to sell more than 10,000 copies (Watrall).
Because Adventureland is text-only, the gameplay and setup are pretty simple. Text fills the screen and the player enters text instructions based on the cues given by the game. In the opening shot of the game, there are instructions including “Give me commands that consist of a verb and a noun. I.E, go east, take key, climb tree, save game, take inventory, find axe” (GameSetWatch). Using these simple commands, players explored the world of Adventureland looking for different artifacts, including “the jeweled fruit, the golden fish, a statue of Paul Bunyon’s Blue Ox Babe, a golden net, a magic carpet, a dragin’s egg, a diamond bracelet, a diamond necklace, the royal honey, a pot of rubies, a crown, a magic mirror and a fire stone” (Adventureland). Players beat the game when they found all the artifacts.
All in all, Adventureland was incredibly important not only to the world of text-based games, and not only to the world of PC games, but to the video game world in general. For many years after Adventureland, the only games around were either completely text-based or another setup with text on the bottom and humble graphics on the top. Adventureland was the simple game that kicked it all off. PC games like WoW, the Sims and the many “Tycoon” games got their start here, with Adventureland.
Works Cited
"Adventureland (video game) - Giant Bomb." GiantBomb.com ~ Video Game Reviews, News, Videos & Forums - Giant Bomb. Web. 8 June 2010. <http://www.giantbomb.com/adventureland/61-6189>.
"GameSetWatch - GameSetInterview: Adventure International's Scott Adams." GameSetWatch. Web. 8 June 2010. <http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2006/ 07/gamesetinterview_adventure_int.php>
Watrall, Ethan. "Week 4: Digital Games." HST 250: History of the Digital Age. Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI. June 2010. Class lecture.
Wiki Entry #3: Public Domain
The public domain consists of things that, for whatever reason, aren’t covered by copyright law. The library at Purdue University puts it this way: “The public domain consists of all works that never had copyright protection and works that no longer have copyright protection” (Copyright). This includes works published in the United States before 1923 and works created by the United States government, among other works.
So basically, once copyrighted material gets to an age where it’s ineligible for copyright, it becomes part of the public domain. But something also becomes a part of the public domain if someone neglects to copyright it, even if it is a copyrightable work.
History of Public Domain
The interesting thing about public domain is that there aren’t really laws that set it up. Copyright laws establish the context, and if a work falls outside the realm of these laws, it automatically becomes part of the public domain. Therefore, in order to look at the history of public domain, we really have to look at the history of copyright laws.
The first copyright laws under the United States Constitution were enacted in 1790. At that time, copyright was eligible for 14 years plus a 14-year renewal (U.S.). At that time, only books, maps and charts were protected. This implies that, technically speaking, music, photographs and other forms of creative works fell into the public domain at that time. Prints were added in 1802 (U. S.).
The first general revision of copyright law occurred in 1831 (U. S.). Music was added to the protected works and the length of time works were eligible for protection was extended from 14 to 28 years. The one 14-year renewal stayed the same. Dramatic compositions were added in 1856 and photographs were added in 1865 (U. S.). As you can tell, the general trend is toward more copyright protection, therefore making less creative material available for use as part of the public domain.
Over the years, more types of things have been added to the protected works, including works of art in 1870, live performances of music in 1897 and motion pictures in 1912 (U. S.). More importantly, the terms have also trended toward expansion. The 14-year renewal term was extended to 28 years in 1909 (U. S.).
Then, in 1976, the fourth general revision of copyright law was signed, to go into effect January 1, 1978. This revision changed everything, extending copyright protection for any new materials to “the life of the author and 50 years after the author’s death” (U. S.). This means that there isn’t much at all being released into the public domain right now, and nothing created since 1978 will be released into the public domain until 2028 at the earliest. The only major change since then was in 1998, when “The Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act extended the term of copyright protection for most works to the life of the author plus 70 years after the author’s death” (U. S.)
Significance
In order to grasp why expansion of copyright laws is such a big deal, you have to understand what’s so important about public domain. Basically, once something is in the public domain, it “may be freely copied or used in the creation of derivative works without permission, or authorization, of the former copyright owners” (Jassin). There are so many people that depend on public domain works. A filmmaker just starting out, for instance, would need public domain music to use in his film because he wouldn’t have a big enough budget to pay for it. Now that we are living in the digital age, there are even more opportunities to use public domain, including on websites and blogs and in YouTube videos.
With copyright laws ever expanding, public domain is limited to what’s already in it; virtually nothing new is being released right now. In the digital age, it became somewhat easier for people to use copyrighted works; it’s hard to police every video on YouTube or visit every family website that’s getting 50 views a year. It eventually became a bigger problem though, and now major record labels can force YouTube users to delete videos that infringe on copyright laws.
Overall, the public domain is a great resource, but you have to be really careful that the things you’re using really are in the public domain, because copyright infringement can get you into some pretty big trouble.
Works Cited
"Copyright Basics." Purdue University Libraries. Web. 22 June 2010. <http://www.lib.purdue.edu/uco/CopyrightBasics/basics.html>.
Jassin, Lloyd J.. "New Rules for Using Public Domain Materials (What's in the Public Domain: PD and Copyright-Free, Expired Copyrights, Copyright Protection)." The Jassin Office - Publishing Law, Intellectual Property, Entertainment Contracts, Trademark Registration, Branding, and Copyright Law. Web. 22 June 2010. <http://www.copylaw.com/new_articles/PublicDomain.html>.
"U.S. Copyright Office - Information Circular." U.S. Copyright Office. Web. 24 June 2010. <http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1a.html>.
Wiki Article: How the SavetheInternet.com Coalition is Saving the Internet
Abstract
Net Neutrality is an important principle of the Internet, without which the Internet cannot function as a free enterprise. In the past four to five years, Internet service providers who wish to change the way the Internet works have endangered Net Neutrality. They would charge web sites money to give them faster service, thus making the other web sites slower.
Free Press, a media reform organization, founded the SavetheInternet.com Coalition in 2006 as a way to spread the word about Net Neutrality and its opponents. The SavetheInternet.com Coalition also serves as a way to get news out about new legislation being introduced, whether good or bad.
The SavetheInternet.com Coalition is still a new concept, having only been around for four years at this point, but it has already worked its way into the public sphere of knowledge. It has also become the go-to site for all things Net Neutrality
Network Neutrality is something we as internet-users have taken for granted since the beginning of the Internet age. We were able to take advantage of it because it was always kind of built in and assumed. Net Neutrality is so taken for granted, in fact, that many people still do not know what it is. In the last five years or so, Net Neutrality has come under fire from Internet service providers. There are legislators on both sides of the fence for this issue, and though legislation to ensure the protection of net neutrality is continually introduced into congress (pretty much one bill every session of congress since 2006), all of the bills so far have been killed. One Internet group has taken on a strong leadership role in the Net Neutrality battle. The SavetheInternet.com Coalition has played a major role in the fight for Net Neutrality since its founding in April 2006, and while its job is far from done, the web site and its sponsors are taking steps in the right direction for Net Neutrality.
First things first, though: what exactly is Net Neutrality? Some refer to it as the first amendment of the Internet. According to the SavetheInternet.com Coalition’s website, Net Neutrality is defined as:
the guiding principle that preserves the free and open Internet. Net
Neutrality means that Internet service providers may not discriminate
between different kinds of content and applications online. It guarantees
a level playing field for all web sites and Internet technologies. (Net)
Net Neutrality is at risk because of Internet service providers. These large companies are the ones that own the means for getting Internet content into peoples’ homes, businesses, etc. Since the beginning of the Internet, the public has had to rely on these companies, but until about 2005, the content of the Internet went unregulated. However, starting toward the end of 2005, the companies now want to make a separate way to get Internet content to people. This way would be much faster and more exclusive than the current way. They would charge astronomical prices for this “service,” so that only big companies would be able to afford it, and take computing power away from the web sites that can’t. These smaller web sites would then begin to experience problems such as slower loading or possibly not loading at all. This would essentially make the Internet an unfair place because, according to the SavetheInternet.com Coalition’s “Net Neutrality 101,” “startups and entrepreneurs will be muscled out of the marketplace by big corporations that pay for a top spot on the web” (Net).
Many people do not believe that this is a real risk. It’s not that these people don’t believe in Net Neutrality, but rather that they don’t believe anyone is actually posing a threat to it. They think it is just speculation or over-imagination. However, companies such as BellSouth Corp. in Atlanta (Krim), AT&T (O’Connell) and Verizon (Threats) have all had executives on record say that they feel they have the right to charge companies a fee to make their websites load faster, which is exactly what Net Neutrality violations are all about. In late 2005, for instance, AT&T’s then-CEO, Edward Whitacre, said this about broadband pipes:
Cable companies have them. We have them. Now what they would like to do is
use my pipes free, but I ain't going to let them do that because we have
spent this capital and we have to have a return on it. So there's going to
have to be some mechanism for these people who use these pipes to pay for
the portion they're using. Why should they be allowed to use my pipes?
(O’Connell)
Based on this and similar comments from other executives, the SavetheInternet.com Coalition believes they are not over-exaggerating at all. “Net Neutrality advocates are not imagining a doomsday scenario,” reads the FAQ portion of the website. “We are taking the telecom execs at their word” (Frequently).
Let us diverge a little from the discussion of Net Neutrality to talk about an organization called Free Press. This organization is a little more controversial than the SavetheInternet.com Coalition, but bear with me. Free Press was created in 2002 in an effort to “reform the media” (Free), which, according to them, is failing. Their web site says they “promote diverse and independent media ownership, strong public media, quality journalism, and universal access to communications” (Free). They, along with their counterpart, the Free Press Action Fund, basically function as a Political Action Committee that is trying to get media reform into real conversations. “We’re working to make media reform a bona fide political issue in America” (Free), boasts their web site. Since their formation in 2002, they have also created several side projects that benefit their cause by supplementing specific aspects. These projects include SavetheNews.org, NewPublicMedia.org, Stop Big Media, InternetForEveryone.org and the SavetheInternet.com Coalition.
In late 2005 and early 2006, when statements like the one from the AT&T executive were starting to surface, Free Press and the Free Press Action Fund decided to do something about it. Free Press founded the SavetheInternet.com Coalition as a way to get the word out about Net Neutrality, the surrounding problems and upcoming legislation. Why would Free Press get involved in Net Neutrality by creating the SavetheInternet.com Coalition? What does media reform have to do with Net Neutrality?
Well, in short, they have everything to do with each other. As Free Press explains on the portion of their web site that has to do with the Internet (Future), their basic mission is to reform the media, and the present day’s media is leaning more and more toward online. This means that, like it or not, the Internet and media go hand in hand at this point, and it is pretty much irreversible. Because of this, media groups and groups interested in media reform are pretty much forced to be strongly invested in Net Neutrality. This is even truer for media reform groups because, as Free Press has pointed out, they support independent media, which refers mostly to media that will not be able to afford exorbitant rates like bigger media companies would. That is not to say bigger media companies would necessarily be willing to pay (one would hope they would have the scruples to refuse in support of Net Neutrality), but at least they would be able to. If a situation like that ever came to fruition, smaller, independent media companies would have no chance to stand up to the big corporations. This is a problem to Free Press because one of their big goals is to give smaller media companies a chance.
In April of 2006, the Communications Opportunity, Promotion, and Efficiency (COPE) Bill of 2006 was passed in the House of Representatives (About). This bill basically would have given Internet providers legal authority to do exactly what they had been saying they wanted to do. They would have been able to start regulating content and deciding which sites would be able to load and which would not, and Free Press was not excited about it. This is what prompted Free Press to start the SavetheInternet.com Coalition, and their blog started immediately, spreading the word about this upcoming bit of anti-Net Neutrality legislation and the basics of Net Neutrality in general.
At that time, Net Neutrality was not a big part of daily conversation, so the SavetheInternet.com Coalition saw it as their personal duty to educate as many people as possible in as little time as possible. They recruited hundreds of bloggers and organizations to join their cause. At the time of the official launch, there were more than 70 members (Join). In less than a week, they had more than 250,000 signatures for an amendment protecting Net Neutrality to be added onto the COPE bill (Stoller). Though the amendment was not passed, it lost by a much more narrow margin than the SavetheInternet.com Coalition had expected. The bill ended up dying in the Senate anyway and the SavetheInternet.com Coalition counted it as an early victory.
There is a lot going on in the Net Neutrality battle, and there was even more going on at the inception of the site, so it was extremely important that the SavetheInternet.com Coalition was crystal clear about its intentions. Here is their full Statement of Principles as it appears on the web site:
We believe that the Internet is a crucial engine for economic growth and
democratic discourse. We urge Congress to take steps now to preserve Net
Neutrality, a guiding principle of the Internet, and to ensure that the
Internet remains open to innovation and progress.
Net Neutrality is the Internet's First Amendment. Without it, the
Internet is at risk of losing the openness and accessibility that have
revolutionized democratic participation, economic innovation and free
speech.
From its inception, the Internet was built on a cooperative,
democratic ideal. It has leveled the playing field for all comers.
Everyday people can have their voices heard by thousands, even millions of
people. Net Neutrality has prevented gatekeepers from blocking or
discriminating against new economic, political and social ideas.
The major telecommunications legislation now under consideration in
Congress must include meaningful and enforceable Net Neutrality
requirements to keep the Internet free and open to all. (Statement)
This clearly lays out what the SavetheInternet.com Coalition believes and lays out a guideline for what can be expected of them in the future. This was also helpful because it spelled out exactly what all the members agreed on, which made it easier to know if you were interested in joining. In another part of the web site, they move past their core principles to their goals, “We are working together to urge Congress to preserve Net Neutrality, the First Amendment of the Internet, which ensures that the Internet remains open to new ideas, innovation and voices” (Join).
With any non-profit organization comes the obligatory plea for money. Both Free Press’s and the SavetheInternet.com Coalition’s web sites make it clear that they take no money from the government, political parties or businesses, so they are completely dependent on donations from people. “No corporation or political party funds our efforts” (Frequently), the web site says. On the SavetheInternet.com Coalition’s donation page, they explain, “Companies like Comcast, AT&T and Verizon are spending tens of millions of dollars on hundreds of lobbyists in Washington to try and kill Net Neutrality” (Protect). Free Press has counted on donations from the public since 2002, and likewise, The SavetheInternet.com Coalition has ben operating on donations alone for the past four years. These donations are representative of many types of people, from bloggers to non-profit organizations and everything in between.
While the SavetheInternet.com Coalition does not accept donations from corporations or political parties, they do not discriminate when it comes to membership. Among the more than 500 members of the coalition listed on SavetheInternet.com are not-for-profits, small businesses, individuals, Internet service providers, church groups and more. These groups are all extremely varied in size, purpose and motivation. The only thing they all share is a common goal. “The SavetheInternet.com Coalition is made up of hundreds of groups from across the political spectrum that are concerned about maintaining a free and open Internet” (Frequently). The SavetheInternet.com Coalition lists (and links to) every coalition member on its Members page (Members).
Free Press staff and board members run the SavetheInternet.com Coalition. Timothy Karr, Free Press’s Campaign Director, oversees the Coalition. According to Free Press’s web site, Karr has “worked extensively as an editor, reporter and photojournalist for the Associated Press, Time Inc., New York Times and Australia Consolidated Press” (Who). Currently, in addition to his position at Free Press, he writes for the Huffington Post and his personal blog. Several other members of Free Press, including Misty Perez Truedson, Associate Outreach Director, assist Karr. Truedson, like Karr, works on all of Free Press’ special campaigns, but she has a stronger focus on the SavetheInternet.com Coalition than the others (Who). They run the web site and the blog, along with other bloggers who volunteer their services. These other bloggers include regulars that have been blogging for a while and also new members. The SavetheInternet.com Coalition is always looking for new contributors for the blog and invites supporters to sign up to be a part of it.
The SavetheInternet.com Coalition relies heavily on their blog to get the word out about legislation and news in the Net Neutrality battle. The entire archive is available through the site, starting with the earliest posts from April of 2006. Past blog subjects include celebratory posts about victories, warning posts about bad legislation coming up and rallying posts to get signatures on petitions for upcoming legislation (Save). The blog is really the hub of everything that goes on with the web site. It is how members stay up to date and how the SavetheInternet.com Coalition accomplishes its goals.
One of the SavetheInternet.com Coalition’s main goals is to provide citizens with information specific to them. There are numerous resources on the site for concerned citizens (or citizens who are merely vaguely interested) to use. For instance, at congress.savetheinternet.com, visitors can enter their zip code and find out who their representative is and what his or her record is on Net Neutrality votes. The site lists the representative’s phone number, provides visitors with a script they can use if they wish to call, and also includes a section where people who made calls can report how it went and what the representative (or, more likely, the representative’s secretary or intern) said about their stance on the Net Neutrality issue (Net house). There is also a map of the United States that shows a little pie chart representing each state’s representation in congress: whether the state’s representatives have a history of being for Net Neutrality or against it. One concerning thing is that many of these pie charts are incomplete because a good number of legislators have not made their Net Neutrality stances public knowledge.
Looking ahead, things for the SavetheInternet.com Coalition seem to be laid out pretty well. The site is going strong, with close to two million supporters. As new legislation is presented, the SavetheInternet.com Coalition will continue to support bills that protect Net Neutrality and amendments that ensure Net Neutrality is not compromised. They will undoubtedly continue to garner public attention via their web site, especially since they now have “famous” YouTube personalities (such as Hank and John Green, Shawn Ahmed, Kristina Horner, Maureen Johnson and Mike Conrad, to name a few) making videos for them as well.
Overall, I think the SavetheInternet.com Coalition has been extremely successful in getting the word out about Net Neutrality and its importance. In the short four years the web site has been around, it has established itself as the go-to site for Net Neutrality facts and action. Until Net Neutrality is law, the SavetheInternet.com Coalition will be leading the fight against Internet service providers and big corporations. From humble beginnings to a huge Internet presence, the SavetheInternet.com Coalition is here to stay for as long as they are needed.
Sources
" About the COPE Act - Common Cause." Common Cause - Common Cause. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.commoncause.org/site/pp.asp?c=dkLNK1MQIwG&b=1539607>.
"Free Press and the Free Press Action Fund | Free Press." Free Press | Media reform through education, organizing and advocacy. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.freepress.net/about_us>.
"Frequently Asked Questions | Save the Internet." Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.savetheinternet.com/frequently-asked-questions>.
"Future of the Internet | Free Press." Free Press | Media reform through education, organizing and advocacy. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.freepress.net/media_issues/internet>.
"Join Us | Save the Internet." Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.savetheinternet.com/about>.
Krim, Jonathan. "Executive Wants to Charge for Web Speed." washingtonpost.com - nation, world, technology and Washington area news and headlines. 1 Dec 2005. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/30/AR2005113002109_pf.html>.
"Members | Save the Internet." Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.savetheinternet.com/members>.
"Net Neutrality in the House." Save the Internet. Web. 1 July 2010. <congress.savetheinternet.com/>.
"Net Neutrality 101 | Save the Internet." Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://savetheinternet.com/net-neutrality-101>.
O'Connell, Patricia. "Online Extra: At SBC, It's All About "Scale and Scope"." BusinessWeek - Business News, Stock Market & Financial Advice. 7 Nov 2005. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_45/b3958092.htm>.
"Protect the Open Internet." Save The Internet. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 July 2010. <https://secure.freepress.net/site/Donation2?1170.donation=form1&df_id=1170>.
"Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom." Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.savetheinternet.com/blog>.
"Statement of Principles | Save the Internet." Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.savetheinternet.com/statement-principles>.
Stoller, Matt. "SaveTheInternet.com Archive." Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom. N.p., 26 Apr. 2006. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.savetheinternet.com/archive/2006/04/26/250000-petition-signatures-for-the-markey-amendment/>.
"Threats to an Open Internet | Save the Internet." Save the Internet | Join the fight for Internet Freedom. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.savetheinternet.com/threats-open-internet>.
"Who We Are | Free Press." Free Press | Media reform through education, organizing and advocacy. Web. 1 July 2010. <http://www.freepress.net/about_us/staff>.
